What is a common consequence of prolonged dietary restriction?

Prolonged dietary restriction often leads to hormonal imbalance, which can manifest in various ways. When the body is subjected to consistent calorie deprivation, stress hormones such as cortisol can increase, while hormones that regulate appetite, metabolism, and various bodily functions may become disrupted. This imbalance can result in changes in metabolism, appetite regulation, energy levels, and reproductive health. For instance, decreased levels of leptin, which is crucial for regulating hunger and energy expenditure, can lead to increased feelings of hunger and decreased energy expenditure.

In contrast, the other options do not usually result from prolonged dietary restriction. Improved metabolism and muscle gain are generally connected to adequate nutrition and training, not restriction. Moreover, energy levels are likely to decrease rather than increase under prolonged dietary restriction due to lack of essential nutrients and calories needed for optimal functioning. Therefore, focusing on the potential for hormonal imbalance highlights the significant consequences of long-term dietary restrictions.